ANALGESICS
• The chemical substances which relieve the pain either completely or partially are called analgesics.
• These do not produce any disturbance in nervous system
• These are two types
• NARCOTIC ANALGESICS
• Narcotic analgesics are alkaloids.
• Narcotic analgesics relieve the pains most effectively but these are addictive.
• These are used to reduce severe pain like post operative pains, pains due to cancer, cardiac pains and they induce sleep.
• When these are taken in high doses they produce toxic effects like coma and sometimes even lead to death.
• Morphine, heroin and codeine etc., are important narcotic analgesics.
• Morphine and its related drugs are called opioids or opiates since these are derived from opium poppy.
• Morphine controls diarrhoea, cough etc
• Morphine and its related drugs do not control pain but they modify emotional reaction to pain.
• When one of the phenolic groups in morphine is methylated, it converts into codeine. Phenyl trimethyl ammonium hydroxide is used for methylation.
• Analgesic action of codeine is less than morphine.
• Narcotic drugs produce euphoria. Due to this users addict to these drugs.
• Narcotic drugs produce respiratory depression, constipation due to increase in biliary track pressure which increases histamine production.
• NONNARCOTIC ANALGESICS
• Non-narcotic analgesics are used to relieve mild pains like headache, back ache etc.,.
• These are non-addictive and generally do not produce toxic effects.
• Compounds of salicylic acid, aniline, phenol, pyrazole, quinoline etc are used as non-narcotic drugs
• Some of these act as antiinflammatory and anti pyretics also.
• Some of these prevent clotting of blood.
• Aspirin, ibuprofen are important non-narcotic analgesics.
• Aspirin inhibits platelet function and minimizes myocordial problems.
• Aspirin inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins that stimulate inflammation and causes pain.
• Iboprofen is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
• It stops acute flares.
• Ibuprofen is -methyl-4-(2-methylpropyl) benzene acetic acid
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